1. Examine of a brain from a newborn child showed failure of cerebral hemispheres to separate. The abnormality results from a failure of:

2. A 62-year-old woman had an acute myocardial infarction. Right after arriving at the emergency room, she had cardiac arrest. Resuscitation efforts for 15 minutes were successful and she was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). However, she developed a fatal arrhythmia and died on her third day in ICU. Autopsy was performed. Examination of brain tissue shows neurons with hypoxic/ischemic changes.  Which of the following best describes the expected morphology?

3. Wallerian degeneration ________.

4. The molecular defect in Duchenne muscular dystrophy resides in ________.

5. Which of the following is true regarding the pathological process seen in this picture?

6. Perivenous encephalomyelitis is thought to result from _________.

7. While walking home after a party where he consumed five cans of beer, a 28-year-old man fell and hit his head on the curb. He got up and went home. An hour later, he became unconscious and was brought to the emergency room by his roommate. Initial physical exam showed a severe contusion of the left temporal area. The most likely explanation for his condition is rupture of the ________.

8. A 26-year-old man presents to clinic with weakness in his right arm. Two years previously he had an episode of difficulty speaking that improved considerably after several days. One year before that he had an episode of decreased vision in his left eye that did not resolve. He has no other known medical illnesses or conditions. The most likely cause of these episodes is:

9. A 65-year-old woman presents to the hospital with progressive neurological deficits. Several months earlier she had received treatment for a brain tumor. A new brain biopsy shows no tumor, but does show necrosis of cerebral vasculature and of brain tissue. The most likely cause of these findings is previous therapy with:

10. A 29-year-old man was found dead in the street. Autopsy showed hemorrhage under the occipital scalp, and contusions of both occipital poles. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?